Theories About The Nature Of Language And Language Learning

Approach brings meaning of a more wide-ranging theoretical orientation. Taking Anthony’s ideas, Richards and Rodgers (2001, p. 20) refer to approach as â€Å"theories about the nature of language and language learning that serve as the source of practices and principles in language teaching†, while method, on the other hand, is one of the ways that the approach is used in practice. Method as defined by Anthony (1963) is an â€Å"overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach. An approach is axiomatic, a method is procedural†. Through one approach, there can be many methods lie within. The term approach is used almost broadly, where the term method is no longer widely used, due to a massive response, in the late twentieth century, that it fell far from the notion of method. According to Anthony’s model, approach is the level at which the norms and views abou t language and language learning are identified; meanwhile method is the level at which theory is applied into a practice and choiced are made specific about the prà ©cised skills to be taught, the content to be taught and the order in which the content will be presented. Methodology, on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"the study of pedagogical practices in general. Whatever considerations are involved in ‘how to teach’ are methodological† by Brown (1994a). Chaves and Hernandez (2013) stated that metholodgy is focused on theShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Nurture in Language Development1678 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Language? Language is a tool we have been using to understand and develop our thinking. We have been: Learning about the thinking of others by reading Expressing our own thinking through writing Exchanging ideas with others by speaking and listening Thought and language can contribute to clear, effective thinking and communication. Language is a sy stem of symbols for thinking and communicating. At 5 years of age human is expected to have; Articulated speech, Vocabulary of more than 6000 wordsRead MoreThe Theories Of Language Acquisition1707 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage Developmental research is fascinated with how young children are able to acquire language. This fascination has led to the development of numerous theories of language acquisition. Two major theories of language acquisition include the behaviorist theory and the innatist theory. Both contrasting theories are influential to developmental research and inspire much research in an attempt to support or disprove each theory. Behaviorist Theory of Language Acquisition The behaviorist theoryRead MoreWhat Do Toddlers Help The Task Of Language Learning? Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesinfants bring to the task of language learning? This question is the basis for the nature vs. nurture debate. Theorists argue whether or not children are born with innate language capabilities (nature-inspired theories) or acquire language skills through interaction/experiences with others (nurture-inspired theories). What mechanisms drive language acquisition? Examines how language develops from infancy into adulthood. Focuses on the modularity debate of how language is organized in the brain.Read MoreThe First Article Is Chaos / Complexity Science And Second Language Acquisition1109 Words   |  5 Pages The title of the first article is Chaos/ complexity Science and Second Language Acquisition. 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Skinner believes that language is developed throughRead MoreThe s Theory On Language Acquisition Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesor closing your eyes when exposed to extreme brightness, one of the most unique human instincts is language. Language is the system in which humans can communicate amongst each other, an incredible phenomenon, and yet for many years psychologists and scientists have yet to come up with one set theory as to how we acquire the languages we have. There are two fundamentally different theories on language acquisition that I will be presenting, the first by linguist Noam Chomsky and the second by psychologistRead MoreDiscourse Theory in Sla1113 Words   |  5 PagesThe Discourse Theory Ranjit Kumar Jha KathmanduUniversity2012 Second language Acquisition or second language learning is the process by which people learn a second language. Second language acquisition is also the name of the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process. Second language refers to any language learned in addition to a person’s first language; although the concept is named second language acquisition, it can also incorporated the learning of third ,forth orRead MoreSociocultural Theory Of Second Language Acquisition994 Words   |  4 Pages The sociocultural theory of second language acquisition has provided me with the strongest reasons for reconsidering my previous views on second language learning. Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory that is very influential within the field of second language learning. The focus was on the idea that all learning is primarily social. The connections between people and the sociocultural context in which they interact with one another are crucial. Through interaction in s hared experiences newRead MoreExploring The Nativist Perspective And Cognitive Development920 Words   |  4 PagesNature and Nurture is a concept that has been widely debated over the impact it plays in children’s language development. Is it better to nurture a child through their environment or allow their inner clock and biology to take over and take its course? Discussing the Nativist perspective and Cognitive development and their varying theories that are arguably similar and have criticisms of their own and how this plays a key role in this topic. At the age of 3 months we see early signs of phonology;Read MoreChomsky s Theory On Transformational Generative Grammar1117 Words   |  5 Pageswritten over one hundred books in his life. He is known for his theories regarding linguistics. Stage 2 Theory Chomsky is famous for his theory on transformational-generative grammar, also known as the universal grammar theory. He believed that language is innate, meaning that humans are born with a capacity for language. He based his theory on the fact that it unclear as to how humans acquired the ability to speak a language. The absence of environmental influences still allows the human

A Creation For A Home For The Jewish People - 1488 Words

Population movements are described as the repositioning of large, swaths of people through the process of human migration. Shifts in a given population’s demographic is attributed to natural, behavioral or economic factors, i.e. victims of natural disasters, refugee populations, and the relocation of people as a by-product of development projects. The creation of nations is a catalyst for population changes, i.e. displacements and migrations. State-building is at the core of population movements through modernization, urbanization, industrialization and commercial agriculture, rural-urban, labor migration, refugee cases of resettlement or dislocations of populations synthesis. Through state-building the consolidation of boundaries happens,†¦show more content†¦My argument in this paper is the qualitative consequences of Palestinian displacement by Resolution 181 facilitated the Palestine civil war of 1947 which stimulate the progression of hostilities into the 1948 Wa r of Liberation. On November 29, 1947, The United Nation General Assembly enacted Resolution 181 which dissolved the British Mandate of control over Palestine. UN Resolution 181 established a homeland for Jews dividing Palestine into two separate states, a Jewish state and an Arab state. The UN Partition Plan was welcomed by the displaced Jewish population, but the Arab community pre-existing in Palestine rejected the ‘plan of partition.’ After UN General Assembly Resolution 181 was implemented, a transitional period began within Palestine with the peace and security compromised as a civil war broke out. On May 14, 1948, six months after Resolution 181 went into effect and the British Mandate was no longer valid, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) and the Jewish People’s Council met at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art in Tel Aviv, Israel where a unanimous approval of the Israeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed. The establishment of the State of Israel was acknowledged by th e United States and USSR within seventy-two hours. After the implementation of the Plan of Partition by the United Nation General Assembly and the Hebrew Declaration of Independence, the Jewish population celebrated the restoration ‘of their political freedom,’ while the

Foundation and Empire 26. End Of The Search Free Essays

There was not a word to be said. The echoes of the blast rolled away into the outer rooms and rumbled downward into a hoarse, dying whisper. Before its death, it had muffled the sharp clamor of Bayta’s falling blaster, smothered Magnifico’s high-pitched cry, drowned out Toran’s inarticulate roar. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 26. End Of The Search or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was a silence of agony. Bayta’s head was bent into obscurity. A droplet caught the light as it fell. Bayta had never wept since her childhood. Toran’s muscles almost cracked in their spasm, but he did not relax – he felt as if he would never unclench his teeth again. Magnifico’s face was a faded, lifeless mask. Finally, from between teeth still tight, Toran choked out in an unrecognizable voice, â€Å"You’re a Mule’s woman, then. He got to you!† Bayta looked up, and her mouth twisted with a painful merriment, â€Å"I, a Mule’s woman? That’s ironic.† She smiled – a brittle effort – and tossed her hair back. Slowly, her voice verged back to the normal, or something near it. â€Å"It’s over, Toran; I can talk now. How much I will survive, I don’t know. But I can start talking-â€Å" Toran’s tension had broken of its own weight and faded into a flaccid dullness, â€Å"Talk about what, Bay? What’s there to talk about?† â€Å"About the calamity that’s followed us. We’ve remarked about it before, Torie. Don’t you remember? How defeat has always bitten at our heels and never actually managed to nip us? We were on the Foundation, and it collapsed while the Independent Traders still fought – but we got out in time to go to Haven. We were on Haven, and it collapsed while the others still fought – and again we got out in time. We went to Neotrantor, and by now it’s undoubtedly joined the Mule.† Toran listened and shook his head, â€Å"I don’t understand.† â€Å"Torie, such things don’t happen in real life. You and I are insignificant people; we don’t fall from one vortex of politics into another continuously for the space of a year – unless we carry the vortex with us. Unless we carry the source of infection with us! Now do you see?† Toran’s lips tightened. His glance fixed horribly upon the bloody remnants of what had once been a human, and his eyes sickened. â€Å"Let’s get out of here, Bay. Let’s get out into the open.† It was cloudy outside. The wind scudded about them in drab spurts and disordered Bayta’s hair. Magnifico had crept after them and now he hovered at the edge of their conversation. Toran said tightly, â€Å"You killed Ebling Mis because you believed him to be the focus of infection?† Something in her eyes struck him. He whispered, â€Å"He was the Mule?† He did not – could not – believe the implications of his own words. Bayta laughed sharply, â€Å"Poor Ebling the Mule? Galaxy, no! I couldn’t have killed him if he were the Mule. He would have detected the emotion accompanying the move and changed it for me to love, devotion, adoration, terror, whatever he pleased. No, I killed Ebling because he was not the Mule. I killed him because he knew where the Second Foundation was, and in two seconds would have told the Mule the secret.† â€Å"Would have told the Mule the secret,† Toran repeated stupidly. â€Å"Told the Mule-â€Å" And then he emitted a sharp cry, and turned to stare in horror at the clown, who might have been crouching unconscious there for the apparent understanding he had of what he heard. â€Å"Not Magnifico?† Toran whispered the question. â€Å"Listen!† said Bayta. â€Å"Do you remember what happened on Neotrantor? Oh, think for yourself, Torie-â€Å" But he shook his head and mumbled at her. She went on, wearily, â€Å"A man died on Neotrantor. A man died with no one touching him. Isn’t that true? Magnifico played on his Visi-Sonor and when he was finished, the crown prince was dead. Now isn’t that strange? Isn’t it queer that a creature afraid of everything, apparently helpless with terror, has the capacity to kill at will.† â€Å"The music and the light-effects,† said Toran, â€Å"have a profound emotional effect-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, an emotional effect. A pretty big one. Emotional effects happen to be the Mule’s specialty. That, I suppose, can be considered a coincidence. And a creature who can kill by suggestion is so full of fright. Well, the Mule tampered with his mind, supposedly, so that can be explained. But, Toran, I caught a little of that Visi-Sonor selection that killed the crown prince. Just a little – but it was enough to give me that same feeling of despair I had in the Time Vault and on Haven. Toran, I can’t mistake that particular feeling.† Toran’s face was darkening. â€Å"I†¦ felt it, too. I forgot. I never thought-â€Å" â€Å"It was then that it first occurred to me. It was just a vague feeling – intuition, if you like. I had nothing to go on. And then Pritcher told us of the Mule and his mutation, and it was clear in a moment. It was the Mule who had created the despair in the Time Vault; it was Magnifico who had created the despair on Neotrantor. It was the same emotion. Therefore, the Mule and Magnifico were the same person. Doesn’t it work out nicely, Torie? Isn’t it just like an axiom in geometry – things equal to the same thing are equal to each other?† She was at the edge of hysteria, but dragged herself back to sobriety by main force. She continued, â€Å"The discovery scared me to death. If Magnifico were the Mule, he could know my emotions – and cure them for his own purposes. I dared not let him know. I avoided him. Luckily, he avoided me also; he was too interested in Ebling Mis. I planned killing Mis before he could talk. I planned it secretly – as secretly as I could – so secretly I didn’t dare tell it to myself. â€Å"If I could have killed the Mule himself – But I couldn’t take the chance. He would have noticed, and I would have lost everything.† She seemed drained of emotion. Toran said harshly and with finality, â€Å"It’s impossible. Look at the miserable creature. He the Mule? He doesn’t even hear what we’re saying.† But when his eyes followed his pointing finger, Magnifico was erect and alert, his eyes sharp and darkly bright. His voice was without a trace of an accent, â€Å"I hear her, my friend. It is merely that I have been sitting here and brooding on the fact that with all my cleverness and forethought I could make a mistake, and lose so much.† Toran stumbled backward as if afraid the clown might touch him or that his breath might contaminate him. Magnifico nodded, and answered the unspoken question. â€Å"I am the Mule.† He seemed no longer a grotesque; his pipestem limbs, his beak of a nose lost their humor-compelling qualities. His fear was gone; his bearing was firm. He was in command of the situation with an ease born of usage. He said, tolerantly, â€Å"Seat yourselves. Go ahead; you might as well sprawl out and make yourselves comfortable. The game’s over, and I’d like to tell you a story. It’s a weakness of mine – I want people to understand me.† And his eyes as he looked at Bayta were still the old, soft sad brown ones of Magnifico, the clown. â€Å"There is nothing really to my childhood,† he began, plunging bodily into quick, impatient speech, â€Å"that I care to remember. Perhaps you can understand that. My meagerness is glandular; my nose I was born with. It was not possible for me to lead a normal childhood. My mother died before she saw me. I do not know my father. I grew up haphazard, wounded and tortured in mind, full of self-pity and hatred of others. I was known then as a queer child. All avoided me; most out of dislike; some out of fear. Queer incidents occurred – Well, never mind! Enough happened to enable Captain Pritcher, in his investigation of my childhood to realize that I was a mutant, which was more than I ever realized until I was in my twenties.† Toran and Bayta listened distantly. The wash of his voice broke over them, seated on the ground as they were, unheeded almost. The clown – or the Mule – paced before them with little steps, speaking downward to his own folded arms. â€Å"The whole notion of my unusual power seems to have broken on me so slowly, in such sluggish steps. Even toward the end, I couldn’t believe it. To me, men’s minds are dials, with pointers that indicate the prevailing emotion. It is a poor picture, but how else can I explain it? Slowly, I learned that I could reach into those minds and turn the pointer to the spot I wished, that I could nail it there forever. And then it took even longer to realize that others couldn’t. â€Å"But the consciousness of power came, and with it, the desire to make up for the miserable position of my earlier life. Maybe you can understand it. Maybe you can try to understand it. It isn’t easy to be a freak – to have a mind and an understanding and be a freak. Laughter and cruelty! To be different! To be an outsider! â€Å"You’ve never been through it!† Magnifico looked up to the sky and teetered on the balls of his feet and reminisced stonily, â€Å"But I eventually did learn, and I decided that the Galaxy and I could take turns. Come, they had had their innings, and I had been patient about it – for twenty-two years. My turn! It would be up to the rest of you to take it! And the odds would be fair enough for the Galaxy. One of me! Quadrillions of them!† He paused to glance at Bayta swiftly. â€Å"But I had a weakness. I was nothing in myself. If I could gain power, it could only be by means of others. Success came to me through middlemen. Always! It was as Pritcher said. Through a pirate, I obtained my first asteroidal base of operations. Through an industrialist I got my first foothold on a planet. Through a variety of others ending with the warlord of Kalgan, I won Kalgan itself and got a navy. After that, it was the Foundation – and you two come into the story. â€Å"The Foundation,† he said, softly, â€Å"was the most difficult task I had met. To beat it, I would have to win over, break down, or render useless an extraordinary proportion of its ruling class. I could have done it from scratch – but a short cut was possible, and I looked for it. After all, if a strong man can lift five hundred pounds, it does not mean that he is eager to do so continuously. My emotional control is not an easy task, I prefer not to use it, where not fully necessary. So I accepted allies in my first attack upon the Foundation. â€Å"As my clown, I looked for the agent, or agents, of the Foundation that must inevitably have been sent to Kalgan to investigate my humble self. I know now it was Han Pritcher I was looking for. By a stroke of fortune, I found you instead. I am a telepath, but not a complete one, and, my lady, you were from the Foundation. I was led astray by that. It was not fatal for Pritcher joined us afterward, but it was the starting point of an error that was fatal.† Toran stirred for the first time. He spoke in an outraged tone, â€Å"Hold on, now. You mean that when I outfaced that lieutenant on Kalgan with only a stun pistol, and rescued you – that you had emotionally-controlled me into it.† He was spluttering. â€Å"You mean I’ve been tampered with all along.† A thin smile played on Magnifico’s face. â€Å"Why not? You don’t think it’s likely? Ask yourself then – Would you have risked death for a strange grotesque you had never seen before, if you had been in your right mind? I imagine you were surprised at events in cold after-blood.† â€Å"Yes,† said Bayta, distantly, â€Å"he was. It’s quite plain.† â€Å"As it was,† continued the Mule, â€Å"Toran was in no danger. The lieutenant had his own strict instructions to let us go. So the three of us and Pritcher went to the Foundation – and see how my campaign shaped itself instantly. When Pritcher was court-martialed and we were present, I was busy. The military judges of that trial later commanded their squadrons in the war. They surrendered rather easily, and my Navy won the battle of Horleggor, and other lesser affairs. â€Å"Through Pritcher, I met Dr. Mis, who brought me a Visi-Sonor, entirely of his own accord, and simplified my task immensely. Only it wasn’t entirely of his own accord.† Bayta interrupted, â€Å"Those concerts! I’ve been trying to fit them in. Now I see.† â€Å"Yes,† said Magnifico, â€Å"the Visi-Sonor acts as a focusing device. In a way, it is a primitive device for emotional control in itself. With it, I can handle people in quantity and single people more intensively. The concerts I gave on Terminus before it fell and Haven before it fell contributed to the general defeatism. I might have made the crown prince of Neotrantor very sick without the Visi-Sonor, but I could not have killed him. You see? â€Å"But it was Ebling Mis who was my most important find. He might have been-† Magnifico said it with chagrin, then hurried on, â€Å"There is a special facet to emotional control you do not know about. Intuition or insight or hunch-tendency, whatever you wish to call it, can be treated as an emotion. At least, I can treat it so. You don’t understand it, do you?† He waited for no negative, â€Å"The human mind works at low efficiency. Twenty percent is the figure usually given. When, momentarily, there is a flash of greater power it is termed a hunch, or insight, or intuition. I found early that I could induce a continual use of high brain-efficiency. It is a killing process for the person affected, but it is useful. The nuclear field-depressor which I used in the war against the Foundation was the result of high-pressuring a Kalgan technician. Again I work through others. â€Å"Ebling Mis was the bull’s-eye. His potentialities were high, and I needed him. Even before my war with the Foundation had opened, I had already sent delegates to negotiate with the Empire. It was at that time I began my search for the Second Foundation. Naturally, I didn’t find it. Naturally, I knew that I must find it – and Ebling Mis was the answer. With his mind at high efficiency, he might possibly have duplicated the work of Hari Seldon. â€Å"Partly, he did. I drove him to the utter limit. The process was ruthless, but had to be completed. He was dying at the end, but he lived-† Again, his chagrin interrupted him. â€Å"He would have lived long enough. Together, we three could have gone onward to the Second Foundation. It would have been the last battle – but for my mistake.† Toran stirred his voice to hardness, â€Å"Why do you stretch it out so? What was your mistake, and†¦ and have done with your speech.† â€Å"Why, your wife was the mistake. Your wife was an unusual person. I had never met her like before in my life. I†¦ I-† Quite suddenly, Magnifico’s voice broke. He recovered with difficulty. There was a grimness about him as he continued. â€Å"She liked me without my having to juggle her emotions. She was neither repelled by me nor amused by me. She liked me! â€Å"Don’t you understand? Can’t you see what that would mean to me? Never before had anyone – Well, I†¦ cherished that. My own emotions played me false, though I was master of all others. I stayed out of her mind, you see; I did not tamper with it. I cherished the natural feeling too greatly. It was my mistake – the first. â€Å"You, Toran, were under control. You never suspected me; never questioned me; never saw anything peculiar or strange about me. As for instance, when the ‘Filian’ ship stopped us. They knew our location, by the way, because I was in communication with them, as I’ve remained in communication with my generals at all times. When they stopped us, I was taken aboard to adjust Han Pritcher, who was on it as a prisoner. When I left, he was a colonel, a Mule’s man, and in command. The whole procedure was too open even for you, Toran. Yet you accepted my explanation of the matter, which was full of fallacies. See what I mean?† Toran grimaced, and challenged him, â€Å"How did you retain communications with your generals?† â€Å"There was no difficulty to it. Hyperwave transmitters are easy to handle and eminently portable. Nor could I be detected in a real sense! Anyone who did catch me in the act would leave me with a slice gapped out of his memory. It happened, on occasion. â€Å"On Neotrantor, my own foolish emotions betrayed me again. Bayta was not under my control, but even so might never have suspected me if I had kept my head about the crown prince. His intentions towards Bayta – annoyed me. â€Å"I killed him. It was a foolish gesture. An unobtrusive flight would have served as well. â€Å"And still your suspicions would not have been certainties, if I had stopped Pritcher in his well-intentioned babbling, or paid less attention to Mis and more to you-† He shrugged. â€Å"That’s the end of it?† asked Bayta. â€Å"That’s the end.† â€Å"What now, then?† â€Å"I’ll continue with my program. That I’ll find another as adequately brained and trained as Ebling Mis in these degenerate days, I doubt. I shall have to search for the Second Foundation otherwise. In a sense you have defeated me.† And now Bayta was upon her feet, triumphant. â€Å"In a sense? Only in a sense? We have defeated you entirely! All your victories outside the Foundation count for nothing, since the Galaxy is a barbarian vacuum now. The Foundation itself is only a minor victory, since it wasn’t meant to stop your variety of crisis. It’s the Second Foundation you must beat – the Second Foundation – and it’s the Second Foundation that will defeat you. Your only chance was to locate it and strike it before it was prepared. You won’t do that now. Every minute from now on, they will be readier for you. At this moment, at this moment, the machinery may have started. You’ll know – when it strikes you, and your short term of power will be over, and you’ll be just another strutting conqueror, flashing quickly and meanly across the bloody face of history.† She was breathing hard, nearly gasping in her vehemence, â€Å"And we’ve defeated you, Toran and I. I am satisfied to die.† But the Mule’s sad, brown eyes were the sad, brown, loving eyes of Magnifico. â€Å"I won’t kill you or your husband. It is, after all, impossible for you two to hurt me further; and killing you won’t bring back Ebling Mis. My mistakes were my own, and I take responsibility for them. Your husband and yourself may leave! Go in peace, for the sake of what I call – friendship.† Then, with a sudden touch of pride, â€Å"And meanwhile I am still the Mule, the most powerful man in the Galaxy. I shall still defeat the Second Foundation.† And Bayta shot her last arrow with a firm, calm certitude, â€Å"You won’t! I have faith in the wisdom of Seldon yet. You shall be the last ruler of your dynasty, as well as the first.† Something caught Magnifico. â€Å"Of my dynasty? Yes, I had thought of that, often. That I might establish a dynasty. That I might have a suitable consort.† Bayta suddenly caught the meaning of the look in his eyes and froze horribly. Magnifico shook his head. â€Å"I sense your revulsion, but that’s silly. If things were otherwise, I could make you happy very easily. It would be an artificial ecstasy, but there would be no difference between it and the genuine emotion. But things are not otherwise. I call myself the Mule – but not because of my strength – obviously-â€Å" He left them, never looking back. How to cite Foundation and Empire 26. End Of The Search, Essay examples